Takulandilani ku Gawo 2 la mndandanda wathu womwe ukuwunika zida zazikulu zamagalasi a ceramic!

Monga mukukumbukira nkhani yathu yapita, zonyezimira zonse zimapangidwa ndi zigawo zazikulu zitatu: magalasi-formers, fluxes, ndi stabilizers. Mu Gawo 3 tidakambirana za oh-so-essential glass-former, silica. Sabata ino tiwona chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimathandizira magalasi: Flux. Tili ndi zosankha zambiri zoti tifufuze mgululi - koma musadabwe! Pomvetsetsa zipangizozi, mudzakhala ndi chithunzi chomveka bwino cha zomwe zikuchitika mu glazes yanu.

Udindo wa Flux

Fluxes ndi mitundu ya oxides yomwe imapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere. Ntchito yayikulu ya flux ndikuthandizira silika, galasi yathu yakale, kusungunuka mu uvuni. Monga mukukumbukira, silica ili ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri. Kuti tithandizire kutsitsa malo osungunukawo kuti tithe kuyika zoumba pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana kowotcha, timawonjezera kusinthasintha. Nthawi zambiri glaze imakhala ndi magwero opitilira amodzi, ndipo, nthawi zambiri, mitundu yambiri ya zotulukapo zimapezeka mu kusakaniza, kumachepetsa kutentha kwake kosungunuka.

Fluxes ali ndi zotsatira zina zachiwiri. Amalimbikitsa vitrification, zomwe zimathandiza kuti magalasi athu azikhala opanda madzi komanso amatha kusunga zakumwa. Zitha kukhudza mawonekedwe a pamwamba ndi kuwala kwa glaze. Ndipo, chofunikira kwambiri, zimakhudza zotsatira zamtundu wamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazitsulo. Mitundu ina imatheka pophatikiza utoto woyenera wa oxide ndi flux yoyenera!

Ndi Zosakaniza Zotani Zomwe Zimapereka Flux ku Glazes?

Pali zosintha zisanu ndi zinayi zomwe akatswiri a ceramic angakumane nazo, komanso zina zosagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Zitha kuphatikizidwa m'magulu angapo osiyana kutengera zomwe zimasinthasintha. Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu monga kutentha kwa kusungunuka, kukula kwa kutentha, mawonekedwe a pamwamba, ndi kukhudza kwamtundu. Ma okosidi m'gulu linalake nthawi zambiri amasinthana bwino m'malo mwa wina ndi mnzake kuposa ma oxide ochokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana, pomwe kuphatikiza ma oxides ochokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana kungathandize kuthana ndi zolakwika zomwe wamba. Tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane omwe mungakumane nawo ...

Dziko la Alkaline

Gululi lili ndi ma oxides omwe amasungunuka pa kutentha kwapakatikati. Amakhala oyenda pang'onopang'ono komanso amawonjeza pang'ono. Ndiabwino kulimbikitsa kumaliza kwa matte, ngakhale amatha kupanga gloss. Gululi lili ndi:

Calcium oxide (CaO)

Uku ndikusintha kwakukulu pamaphikidwe ambiri apakati oyaka moto, ndipo kusungunuka kwake kumayambira cha 2012F (1100C). Sichigwira ntchito makamaka pamagalasi omwe ali pansi pa chulu 4, koma mutha kuchiwona pamagalasi oyaka moto pomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati chothandizira kusungunula, osati wosewera wamkulu. 

Pazambiri, CaO imatha kupangitsa kuti kristalo ikhale yothandiza pakuwala kwa matte. Ilinso ndi mayankho abwino kwambiri amitundu.

CaO siimapezeka mwachilengedwe mwachilengedwe, kotero tiyenera kuipeza kuchokera ku mchere wina. Kuti tiwonjezere CaO ku glazes yathu, timagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo monga whiting (calcium carbonate), dolomite (magnesium carbonate), ndi wollastonite (calcium inosilicate, CaSiO3).

Barium oxide (BaO)

Monga momwe mungadziwire ndi kuyika kwake mu gulu la alkaline earth, BaO siyenera kutenthetsa kutentha pang'ono, kukhala yoyenera kwambiri powombera kwambiri. Amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kulimbikitsa mitundu yapadera, monga 'barium blue' wotchuka. Ndiabwino kupanga zomaliza za matte, ndipo zimangofunika pang'ono kuti zisungunuke bwino. Kumapeto kwake sikuli kolimba ngati kwa CaO.

Chenjezo liyenera kutengedwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito oksidiyi pazinthu zogwirira ntchito. Ndi poyizoni kwambiri ndipo ngati itawotchedwa molakwika imatha kutuluka, zomwe zingawononge thanzi. Pazifukwa izi, pokhapokha mutatsatira mtundu wapadera kapena mawonekedwe apamwamba a nkhaniyi kuti mugwiritse ntchito zokongoletsera, ndi bwino kusankha oxide ina mu gulu ili lomwe liribe zoopsa zomwezo. Ndiwowopsa makamaka mu mawonekedwe ake a ufa, choncho samalani kwambiri pokonzekera glaze yanu.

Barium oxide amachotsedwa ku barium carbonate, kapena mu mawonekedwe otetezeka pang'ono mu frits, monga Fusion Frit F-403.

Strontium oxide (SrO)

Mofanana ndi ena omwe ali mugululi, SrO ili ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri (kuyambira 2012F / 1100C). Ndiwolowa m'malo mwa BaO, pokhala otetezeka kwambiri, okhala ndi matte ofanana. Ndi yamphamvu kwambiri ngati flux kuposa barium, kotero zochepa zimafunika. Zingakhalenso amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi CaO kuti apange gloss yomveka bwino, ndikuwonjezera pang'ono ku magalasi otsika kutentha kuti athandize kusinthasintha koyambirira. Imatha kuthandizira mitundu yowoneka bwino.

Kuti muwonjezere strontium oxide ku glaze yanu, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito strontium carbonate, kapena frits monga Fusion Frit 581.

Magnesium oxide (MgO)

Uwu ndiye oxidi wosungunuka kwambiri, womwe umatuluka pa 5072F (2800C), ngakhale zitha kukhala zodabwitsa. amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kusinthasintha ngakhale pa kutentha kochepa kwambiri. Ndizosangalatsa kupanga zomaliza za matte, zochulukirapo zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu popanda kulepheretsa kusungunuka. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake kwa kutentha, ndizothandiza kuchepetsa kulakalaka. 

MgO ndi yabwino kupanga zofiirira, pinki, ndi lavender kuchokera ku cobalt, ngakhale si njira yabwino yopangira mitundu yowoneka bwino kuchokera kuzitsulo zina zachitsulo. Imakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe opacifying pa kutentha kochepa, ndipo pamtengo wambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zotsatira zokwawa za lichen glazes.

Magnesium oxide imapezeka kwambiri kuchokera ku talc (magnesium silicate), dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate), magnesium carbonate, ndi feldspars ndi ma frits osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza Ferro Frit 3249.

Alkali

Fluxes mu gulu ili ndi amphamvu kuposa Alkaline Earths. Iwo ali ndi matenthedwe okwera kwambiri komanso osiyanasiyana osungunuka. Amadziwika kuti amalimbikitsa mitundu yolimba komanso malo onyezimira.

Sodium oxide (Na₂O)

Komanso amatchedwa Soda, Na₂O ndiko kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kofala ndikugwira ntchito kuchokera ku 1650-2370F (900-1300C). Imagwira ntchito mofanana kwambiri ndi potassium oxide (K₂O), mutha kuwona awiriwo akulumikizana ngati KNaO. 

Kuphatikiza pa kusungunuka kwake kwakukulu, Na₂O amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakutha kulimbikitsa mitundu yowala, yowoneka bwino, makamaka akaphatikizidwa ndi mkuwa, cobalt, kapena chitsulo. 

M'malo mwake, sodium oxide imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu komwe kumakulirakulira kumabweretsa kulakalaka kwakukulu mu glazes pomwe pali kuchuluka kwakukulu. Itha kutulutsanso zonyezimira zomwe zimakhala zofewa komanso zosamva kuvala. Zolakwika izi zitha kuthetsedwa polowa m'malo mwa Na₂O ndi oxide wina.

Na₂O nthawi zambiri amachotsedwa ku soda feldspars ndi frits, monga Minspar 200, Frit F3110, ndi nepheline syenite. Pankhani ya kuwombera koloko, komwe oxide imawonjezedwa pamoto pakuwombera, Na₂O amachokera ku sodium carbonate (soda ash) kapena sodium bicarbonate (soda wophika).

Potaziyamu oxide (K₂O)

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, K₂O amachita mofanana kwambiri ndi sodium oxide. Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani mungasankhe potaziyamu kuposa soda? Chabwino, zimalimbikitsa kusungunuka kwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa mnzake wa sodium, kutanthauza kuti zidzabweretsa zotsatira zamadzimadzi zochulukirapo. Zimalolanso mitundu yowala kwambiri yamitundu yonse (kupatula kutsogolera). Ndipo pomaliza, imatha kutulutsa kuwala konyezimira kowoneka bwino kwambiri pakuwotcha kwakutali. 

Potaziyamu oxide ili ndi drawback yofanana ndi sodium, chifukwa imatha kulimbikitsa kulakalaka, ndipo imakhala yofewa. 

Monga sodium oxide, ndizochokera ku feldspars ndi frits zosiyanasiyana. Mutha kuziwonanso zikutchedwa Potash.

Lithium oxide (Li₂O)

Wina wa alkali oxide, lithiamu imagwira ntchito ngati sodium ndi potaziyamu, koma ndi phindu lokhala ndi kutsika kwamafuta ochepa. Monga momwe zimasunthika kwambiri, zimangogwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono, ndipo ndi zabwino kuthetsa kulakalaka komwe kumachitika ndi ma alkali oxide ena awiri. Zimayamba kufewa mozungulira 1333F (723C).

Zowonjezera 1% zimatha kukulitsa glaze gloss mowonekera, ndipo zochulukirapo pang'ono (3%) zimatha kuchepetsa kutentha kosungunuka ndi ma cones angapo.. Ndiabwino kwambiri polimbikitsa mitundu, makamaka mabuluu, ndipo itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga mtundu wamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito mochuluka kwambiri kumapangitsa kunjenjemera (kutentha kwa mphika) ndi kutuluka kwambiri.

Lithium imachokera ku lithiamu carbonate, ndipo imapezekanso mu petalite, lepidolite, spodumene, ndi frits ena monga Fusion Frit F-493.

Metallic oxides

Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, ma oxides amenewa ali ndi zitsulo. Nthawi zambiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupereka utoto ku glazes. Komabe, pali ma oxides awiri mkati mwa gululi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakusinthasintha kwawo, osati mtundu wawo. Tiyeni tiwone:

Lead oxide (PbO)

Lead oxide idadziwika ngati chiwongolero chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupanga glaze yowala kwambiri, yosagwira chip pa kutentha kocheperako. Imathandizanso motchuka mitundu yowoneka bwino. Ndi 'chinthu chokhululuka' chomwe chimakonda kubisa zolakwika pamoto womalizidwa, ndipo pachifukwa ichi, imatengedwa kuti ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

Kutengera komwe mukukhala, PbO ikhoza kupezeka kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito. Ndizotetezeka zikathamangitsidwa moyenera, koma ndizovuta kwa woumba wamba kuti atsimikizire izi motsimikiza. Ndi poyizoni kwambiri pamene ili yaiwisi, kotero ngati mwasankha kuigwiritsa ntchito, samalani kwambiri. Kumbukiraninso kuti anthu wamba (makamaka ku North America) akhala akuphunzitsidwa kuti apewe izi, ndiye kuti zingakhale bwino kuti malonda anu adumphe.

Magwero a lead akuphatikizapo lead carbonate, komanso frits lead bisilicate, lead sesquisilicate, ndi lead monosilicate.

Zinc oxide (ZnO)

Zinc imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yosinthira kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Ndi kusungunuka kotsika koyambira pafupifupi 1832F (1000C) kumatha kukhala m'malo mwa lead. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kuwongolera mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso kukhazikika muzowala zamwala.

Ndikosinthasintha kwamphamvu, kotero kumangogwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono. Kuchulukirachulukira kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta. Imakhala ndi kuwonjezereka kwamafuta ochepa, kotero imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma fluxes kumapeto kwina kwa sipekitiramu kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha misala. 

Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kupanga masamba obiriwira kuphatikiza ndi faifi tambala, koma imasokoneza kukula kwa buluu, bulauni, masamba, ndi pinki, ndipo sichivomerezedwa ndi mkuwa, chitsulo, kapena chrome. Ili ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zopanga kristalo, momwemonso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma crystalline glazes.

ZnO imapezeka mu mawonekedwe oyera, monga zinc oxide.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ena Basic Chemistry Kukuthandizani Kuzindikira Fluxes

Tsopano popeza tafotokoza zazikuluzikulu zomwe mungakumane nazo, mwina mwawonapo kachitidwe m'maina amankhwala azinthu izi. Onsewo amathera mu O. Monga tidanenera pachiyambi, onse ndi ma oxide, ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti ali ndi okosijeni m'mapangidwe awo a maselo. Pankhani ya fluxes, ma oxide amanyamula molekyu imodzi ya okosijeni. Izi zimafotokozedwa momveka bwino kuti RO (ndi R yomwe imayimira molekyulu ina, monga calcium, kapena "Ca", pankhani ya CaO). Mutha kuwonanso R₂O zosakaniza, monga ndi K₂O (potassium oxide), pomwe pali mamolekyu awiri omwe si okosijeni koma amakhala ndi mpweya umodzi wokha.

Zida zina zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito, monga silika tidakambirana sabata yatha, zimatheranso ndi O, koma ndi a ₂ pambuyo (SiO₂), kutanthauza kuti ali ndi 2 oxygens (dioxide), kapena RO₂. Mupezanso R₂O₃, yomwe idzabwere sabata yamawa. 

Chifukwa chake, ngati muwona chopangira glaze chomwe ndi RO kapena R₂O, mwayi ndikusintha, ngakhale nthawi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati utoto!

Zambiri Zokhudza Frits

Monga mukukumbukira, tidatchula mu nkhani yathu yapita kuti frits, pomwe amapereka silika, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati fluxes. Mudzazindikiranso kuti pafupifupi ma oxide athu onse pamwambapa amapezekanso ngati ma frits. Koma kodi frits ndi chiyani, ndipo nchifukwa ninji tingasankhe kuzigwiritsa ntchito?

Mosiyana ndi zosakaniza monga soda ash, kapena calcium carbonate, zomwe zimachitika mwachibadwa, frits amapangidwa. Iwo amapangidwa ndi kusungunula zosakaniza za zipangizo mu ng'anjo zapadera, kenaka kuthira kusakaniza kosungunuka m'madzi, ndipo potsirizira pake ndikugaya kukhala ufa wabwino. Njirayi imakhala ndi zopindulitsa zambiri pazopangira zachikhalidwe, makamaka chifukwa zimalola kuti tinthu tating'ono tosiyanasiyana tisungunuke pamodzi, zomwe sizimachitika ndi zosakaniza zamafuta.

Chifukwa cha kusungunuka kogwirizana kumeneku, ma frits nthawi zambiri amatulutsa kusungunuka kwabwinoko komwe kumakhala ndi zovuta zochepa, monga ma microbubbles. Amapanganso mawonekedwe abwino ndi dongo (kutanthauza kuti glaze imamatira mwamphamvu ku thupi ladongo). Ndipo potsiriza, iwo ali odziwikiratu kwambiri kuposa zipangizo zopangira, kupereka zotsatira zogwirizana.

Choyipa chachikulu cha frits ndikuti ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa zida zachikhalidwe, ndendende chifukwa ndizopangidwa. Ngakhale izi zingakulepheretseni, onetsetsani kuti mumaganizira za phindu lazotsatira zomwe zimakhala ndi zolakwika zochepa. Zingakhale zoyenerera mtengo wake!

Kumvetsetsa ma ceramic fluxes ndi gawo lofunikira pakumanga chidziwitso chanu cha glaze, ndipo ndikofunikira panjira yanu yopangira ma glaze anu. Kaya mukugwiritsa ntchito zopangira zopangira monga feldspars kapena zinc, kapena kuyesa ma frits, kuyanjana pakati pa ma fluxes, magalasi opangira magalasi, ndi ma refractories ndizomwe zimapanga zotsatira zomaliza za zidutswa zanu. 

Ndife okondwa kuti mwabwera nafe lero pa Gawo 2 la mndandanda uno, ndipo tikuyembekeza kukuwonaninso pa Gawo 3, pomwe tiwona gawo lachitatu lofunika kwambiri: Refractories. Ngati mudaphonya Gawo 1 pazojambula zamagalasi, onetsetsani fufuzani apa. 

Ngati mwakonzekera glaze deep-drive, bwanji osalembetsa Karen Kotzemsonkhano"Kumanga Laibulale Yanu Yowonjezera ya Glaze”? Karen sangakuphunzitseni chemistry yofunikira ya glaze, komanso adzakuyendetsani pamtengo, kupeza, ndi kusungirako!